Teacher License – Islamic Education 2 Complete Review Guide 2026–2027

4. Contracts are either exchange contracts (sale, lease) or gratuitous (gift, loan of use, loan). Ghasb is taking another's property wrongfully by force, so it must be returned or compensated if lost. Hajr is barring someone from handling their money for a good reason (minority, insanity, imprudence). Partnership is either co-ownership or by contract. In mudaraba one side supplies capital and the other the work; profit follows the agreed shares, financial loss falls on the capital owner and the worker loses his effort. (6.1.8 · 6, 7)
5. Luqata is lost property picked up by someone else; it is announced for a year (hadith: announce it for a year, Bukhari) and returned if the owner appears. A hiba is a gift of property during life without return, and parents must treat children equally in gifts (Nu'man ibn Bashir's hadith, Bukhari). Murabaha is a sale at the original cost plus a stated profit. Tawarruq is buying goods on credit and selling them for cash to a third party to raise money. In instalment sales the price is fixed with the instalments at signing. (6.1.8 · 8, 9)
6. Marriage is a contract that makes intimacy lawful between spouses. Its conditions, in the view of most jurists, are the spouses' consent, a guardian and witnesses. The mahr is the wife's right (Quran 4:4) and maintenance is the husband's duty. (6.1.9 · 1–3)
7. Divorce is twice, then keeping her kindly or releasing her well (Quran 2:229). Khul' is separation for compensation paid by the wife; its text is 2:229: there is no blame on either of them over what she gives to free herself. Ila' is the husband's oath to stay away from his wife for more than four months, with a four-month wait (Quran 2:226). Zihar is likening the wife to a mahram woman such as his mother; the expiation is freeing a slave, then fasting two months in a row, then feeding sixty poor people (58:3-4). Li'an is the husband accusing his wife of adultery without witnesses, followed by sworn oaths (24:6-9). (6.1.9 · 4)
8. Iddah: three qur' for a divorced woman who menstruates (Quran 2:228), four months and ten days for a widow (2:234) and delivery for a pregnant woman. Hadana is caring for and raising a young child, and the mother has first claim unless something prevents her. Milk kinship: what is forbidden through lineage is forbidden through nursing (Bukhari). (6.1.9 · 5)
9. Causes of inheritance: marriage, kinship and wala'. Conditions: the deceased's death, the heir being alive, and knowing the heir's relationship. Barriers: slavery, killing and difference of religion. Burial costs, debts and then the bequest (up to one third) come out of the estate first. (6.1.9 · 6)
10. There are six fixed shares: one half, one quarter, one eighth, two thirds, one third and one sixth. A husband gets one half with no descendants and one quarter with them; a wife gets one quarter with none and one eighth with them. A son and daughter together share two to one (Quran 4:11). Ta'sib: give the fixed shares to their holders, and what remains goes to the nearest male relative (Bukhari). The residuary heir takes what is left after the share-holders, and a nearer heir excludes a farther one, so a son excludes brothers and uncles. (6.1.9 · 7-8, 8)
11. Food is lawful by default. The named prohibitions are carrion, flowing blood, pork and what was offered to other than Allah (Quran 6:145, 5:3), domestic donkeys (Bukhari), every fanged predator (Bukhari and Muslim), every clawed bird of prey and intoxicants. They become permitted under necessity, only as much as needed. Slaughter (dhakat) is killing an animal under control with a sharp tool that drains blood, not a tooth or nail, while mentioning Allah's name (Bukhari). Hunting is killing a wild animal by wounding, saying Allah's name when sending the hound or arrow. A man's awra is, for most jurists, between the navel and the knee. (6.1.10 · 1, 2-3)
12. A woman's lawful dress covers her, is not see-through or tight enough to outline her body, and does not copy men's clothing. Men and women may not imitate each other: the Prophet cursed men who imitate women and women who imitate men (Bukhari). Gold and silk are forbidden to men. (6.1.10 · 4-6)
13. An oath is swearing by Allah or His names and attributes; swearing by anything else, such as one's fathers, is forbidden (Bukhari). Its expiation is feeding ten poor people, clothing them or freeing a slave, and fasting three days if none is possible (Quran 5:89). A slip of the tongue in an oath carries no expiation. A vow commits yourself to an act of worship. The hadith: whoever vows to obey Allah should obey Him, and whoever vows to disobey Him must not do it (Bukhari). A vow of obedience must be fulfilled; a vow to sin must not be. An unfulfilled vow carries the expiation of an oath according to the Hanbali school. (6.1.10 · 8-9)
14. Jihad is a communal duty, and it becomes an individual duty in some cases, including standing in the battle line, an enemy besieging the land and the imam's call to arms. Its wisdom is to uphold Allah's word and repel aggression. Those who do not fight, such as women and children, are not killed. Dhimmis live in Muslim lands under a covenant and a musta'min enters under temporary safe conduct; both are protected: whoever kills a covenanted person will not smell Paradise (Bukhari). Hisba is enjoining good and forbidding wrong (Quran 3:110). The way: change it by hand, then by tongue, then by heart (Muslim). Its manners include knowing what you enjoin, gentleness and weighing the benefit. (6.1.11 · 1-2, 3)
15. Killing is deliberate (intending the act and the death, with something that usually kills), quasi-deliberate (intending the act with something that usually does not kill) or accidental (no intent). Deliberate killing carries qisas (Quran 2:178), diya or forgiveness. The diya for a life is 100 camels, for a tooth 5 and for a finger 10. (6.1.11 · 4-5)
16. Hudud: for adultery, 100 lashes for an unmarried person (Quran 24:2) and stoning for a married one; for false accusation of adultery, 80 lashes (24:4); for theft, cutting off the hand at a quarter dinar or more (5:38; Bukhari); for drinking wine, lashing. For apostasy: whoever changes his religion, kill him (Bukhari). For hirabah the penalties are those in 5:33, and rebels are fought to bring them back to obedience after attempts at reconciliation (49:9). (6.1.11 · 6-8)
17. Judiciary is declaring the ruling of the Shari'a and enforcing it. The claimant must bring proof and the one who denies swears an oath (hasan hadith). Means of proof are testimony, confession, oath and circumstantial evidence. No one may intercede for a hadd once it reaches the judge: the Prophet's words, will you intercede about a limit set by Allah (Bukhari). Turning to the Shari'a for judgment is obligatory (Quran 4:65). Hudud and qisas aim to deter and protect the five necessities. (6.1.11 · 9-11)

Common mistakes in this chapter

• ✕ Gharar is uncertainty in the goods or inability to deliver them (like selling what is in the womb), riba is a forbidden excess, and tadlis is hiding a defect or dressing up the goods. Ask where the flaw sits before choosing.
• ✕ The tadlis option comes from the seller hiding a defect or dressing up the goods. The ghabn option is for a buyer who paid far above the going price without knowing. Selling something you do not own is a problem of ownership, not of options.
• ✕ Khul' is separation for compensation paid by the wife; talaq has no compensation. Ila' is the husband's oath to abstain from relations, zihar is likening the wife to a mahram woman such as his mother, and li'an is accusing the wife of adultery without proof. Go by the husband's words.
• ✕ A pregnant woman's iddah ends at delivery, whether she was divorced or widowed. A widow who is not pregnant waits four months and ten days; a divorced woman who menstruates waits three qur'.
• ✕ A son is a residuary heir who excludes brothers and uncles. The mother gets one sixth with a descendant or several siblings, and one third otherwise. Debts and the bequest (up to one third) come out before the estate is divided.
• ✕ Food is lawful by default. The named exceptions are carrion, flowing blood, pork, intoxicants, domestic donkeys, fanged predators and clawed birds of prey. The wild ass is not a domestic donkey.
• ✕ An oath is swearing by Allah or His names and attributes; a vow commits yourself to an act of worship. The oath's expiation is a choice of feeding ten poor people, clothing them or freeing a slave, and fasting three days only if none of these is possible.
• ✕ Hadd is a penalty fixed by the texts for a named crime; ta'zir is not fixed and the judge sets it; qisas is equal retaliation for harm to life or limb; diya is money paid in place of a life or limb. Match each term to the kind of crime.