Teacher License – Science 1 Complete Review Guide 2026–2027

4. Path of blood: right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body (6.37.6.2).
5. Protoplasm is the living material inside a cell (cytoplasm and nucleus). A tissue is a group of similar cells doing one job, then comes the organ, then the system (6.37.6.3).
6. Plant and animal cells share a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria; only plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts (6.37.6.4).
7. Classification ranks from smallest to largest: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom (6.37.7.1).
8. A species is a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring. A scientific name has two parts: genus, then species (6.37.7.1).
9. The five kingdoms: bacteria (monera), protists (such as amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra), fungi (such as yeast), plants and animals (6.37.7.2).
10. Viruses are non-cellular: genetic material inside a protein coat, and they reproduce only inside a living host cell (6.37.7.3).
11. An ecosystem has living parts (producers, consumers, decomposers) and non-living parts (light, water, air, soil, temperature). Levels: organism, population, community, ecosystem (6.37.8.1).
12. Innate behavior is present from birth (such as migration and hibernation); learned behavior comes from experience, imitation or trial and error (6.37.8.4).
13. A food chain starts with a producer (a plant or alga) followed by consumers; decomposers (bacteria and fungi) return nutrients to the soil (6.37.8.5).
14. Human impacts on the environment include pollution, deforestation, overhunting and rising greenhouse gases (6.37.8.7).
15. A gene is a section of DNA carrying the information for a trait; chromosomes are structures of DNA and protein in the nucleus. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) (6.37.9.2).
16. Mitosis: two identical cells for growth and repair. Meiosis: four cells with half the chromosomes, forming gametes (6.37.9.3).
17. Females are XX and males XY, and the father determines the baby's sex. Hemophilia and color blindness are recessive and carried on the X chromosome (6.37.9.1).
18. Complete metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa, adult (butterfly). Incomplete: egg, nymph, adult (locust). A frog: egg, tadpole, adult (6.37.9.5).

Common mistakes in this chapter

• ✕ Chemical digestion of protein (such as red meat) begins in the stomach with pepsin, starch digestion begins in the mouth, and fat digestion in the small intestine. Chewing is mechanical digestion, not chemical.
• ✕ Breathing (gas exchange in the lungs) is not cellular respiration (releasing energy from food inside cells). They are linked, but they are different processes.
• ✕ The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the whole body; the right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs only. Do not swap the sides.
• ✕ Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large central vacuole; animal cells have none of these. Mitochondria and a nucleus are found in both.
• ✕ Commensalism (+/0) benefits one partner while the other is unaffected, as with a remora and a shark. Mutualism benefits both, and parasitism benefits one and harms the other.
• ✕ Only about 10% of energy passes from one trophic level to the next, and it flows in one direction. The arrow in a food chain points to the eater, from the food to the consumer.
• ✕ Mitosis gives two identical cells with the same chromosome number; meiosis gives four cells with half the number. Do not mix them up or their purposes.
• ✕ An acquired trait (a scar, strong muscles, a language) is not passed to children, while an inherited trait (such as eye color) is passed through genes. Sex-linked conditions are more common in males.